By Geoff Brumfiel | NPR
It's a chilly March morning, and Mary Bowden is standing in the parking lot of a local community college.
Bowden is a professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Maryland. Nearby, her students are hustling around on a bright blue tarp, rolling out heavy cylinders of compressed gas and fiddling with boxes of electronics.
"This is our final, final dress rehearsal," Bowden says as she surveys the scene.
At the start of next month, a total solar eclipse will sweep across the continental United States. It will begin in Texas and move north through a dozen states before exiting the country through Maine and into Canada.
On eclipse day — April 8 — dozens of student teams across the country will release hundreds of research balloons. The balloons will carry long, dangling strings of scientific instruments into the path of totality, the area on Earth's surface that will see the moon completely block the sun.
The effort, known as the Nationwide Eclipse Ballooning Project, is backed by NASA. It's an opportunity to make unique atmospheric measurements that can only be done during an eclipse, and a chance for students to learn skills they may someday use to launch satellites and astronauts into orbit. Bowden is guiding the University of Maryland team, which is made up of about 30 to 40 students.
"It's just a club," says Daniel Grammer, a junior who will be leading the team on eclipse day. "Everybody here volunteers to do it because they like to do it."
Floating laboratories
Deflated, the balloons look like giant party balloons. As they fill with helium, they begin to take shape — two white, upside-down teardrops bobbing gently in the spring air.
Saimah Siddiqui is a senior at the University of Maryland. She hopes her work on balloons will eventually lead to a career in mission control.Meredith Rizzo for NPR
Saimah Siddiqui is a senior and one of the "inflation leads" responsible for filling the balloons.
"Where are we at?" she asks as another student bends over the regulator of the helium tank. Siddiqui seems confident, and with good reason.
"I've done this so many times — this is probably my 30th launch or something," she says.
The scientific goal of this project is to study the atmosphere. As the eclipse shadow travels from south to north across the U.S., it briefly cools the air. Bowden says it's like dragging a swizzle stick through a cup of hot coffee.
"The eclipse itself is kind of stirring up the atmosphere as it traverses across the country," Bowden says. "What we're looking for is the signature, or the effect, of the movement of the shadow."
Balloons are a perfect way to train students: "It's a microcosm of a NASA launch, but cheap and fast — and you can do it again if you fail," says Mary Bowden.Meredith Rizzo for NPR
The results will teach researchers more about how heat moves through the atmosphere. The data could be used to improve predictions of both weather and climate change.
When it comes to making these measurements, there's no better vehicle than a balloon. Unlike a rocket, balloons can drift gently in the eclipse zone for minutes or hours. And they travel at 75,000 to 80,000 feet in altitude, twice the altitude reached by a typical airliner.
Grammer says the view should be amazing.
"Hopefully we'll have livestream video from the balloon in flight," he says. "You'll see the shadow move across the Earth, and it'll be super cool to look at."
Runaway balloons
Things at the test launch appear to be going smoothly, but then, as Siddiqui begins to check her balloon to make sure it's got enough lifting power, it suddenly breaks loose and floats skyward.
Daniel Grammer, a junior, will be the flight director for the solar eclipse launch on April 8. "Everybody here volunteers to do it because they like to do it," he says.Meredith Rizzo for NPR
The whole team watches as one of their two balloons drifts slowly away.
Nobody panics. The students put their heads together to figure out what happened. It turns out they forgot to reset a device that is supposed to cut the string at the end of the flight. Normally, this allows the balloon to float away, and the scientific equipment to parachute back to the ground, where it can be recovered.
Instead, the device cut the balloon loose before the payload was even attached.
"I've never seen that happen!" Meredith Embrey says with a laugh. The junior is in charge of tying the scientific equipment to the balloon.
"The good thing is, we didn't lose the payload itself, and we always bring two spare balloons and double the amount of helium we need," Embrey says. "So we will start inflating and do another balloon."
It's a moment to learn from, and that's exactly the point.
Balloons are the perfect vehicle to study an eclipse. They fly higher than aircraft, and can stay in the eclipse zone longer than a sounding rocket.Meredith Rizzo for NPR"The great thing about the program is that it's really both an education program and a research program," says Angela Des Jardins, a physicist at Montana State University and the principal investigator of the Nationwide Eclipse Ballooning Project.
Across the U.S., over 750 students making up 53 teams are participating in this project. The budding engineers are in charge of everything from scientific instruments to flight direction, weather forecasting, tracking stations, and more.
(Left) Jeremy Snyder, David Salako, and Rayne Wiser track the balloons from the ground. (Right) Launch Director Kruti Bhingradiya gives directions to the team.Meredith Rizzo for NPR"We're trying to give these students an opportunity outside the classroom," she says. The eclipse balloons are "a science project that gives them a little bit of a taste of what it would be like in the real world, working in an aerospace job."
Balloons are a perfect prelude to launching rockets, says Bowden. "It's a microcosm of a NASA launch, but cheap and fast — and you can do it again if you fail."
Which is exactly what the team is doing now. With their string-cutting device fixed, they're racing to inflate another balloon. They've got to be quick because the wind is picking up. Siddiqui seems to love it — using engineering to solve problems on the fly, under pressure. She says she hopes to someday have a career launching rockets.
"Maybe like a flight controller/flight operator-type person for my full-time job," she muses as she watches the second balloon fill.
Meanwhile, Embrey and her fellow tie-on specialist Dan Gribok are doing final checks on the scientific instruments. They use red tape to close up the boxes that hold the cameras, measuring devices and transmitters.
Students ready their payloads ahead of the flight. The equipment includes cameras, tracking devices, and sensors to monitor conditions high above the Earth.Meredith Rizzo for NPR
"Duct tape is an engineer's best friend, for sure," Grammer jokes as he looks on.
Liftoff!
The radio crackles as the flight director, a spirited senior named Kruti Bhingradiya, calls out orders to the team.
"I hope you guys are ready, and if you're not, let me know right now," she says.
The payloads are tied to each balloon. Other students stand around, hands outstretched towards the floating spheres to make sure they don't bang into anything in the final moments before launch.
Bhingradiya calls for the launch area to be cleared of debris. Then she looks around. The team is ready.
"Three ... Two ... One ... Release!" she says.
And the students cheer as they watch their hard work drift off into the clouds.
A balloon floats skyward with scientific equipment in tow. On eclipse day dozens of teams will launch hundreds of balloons to study the atmosphere.Meredith Rizzo for NPR
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